CIM Journal is a quarterly digital publication for peer-reviewed technical papers on all facets of the mining and minerals industry, including geology, mining, processing, metallurgy, materials, maintenance, environmental protection and reclamation, mineral economics, project management, health and safety, risk management, research and development, operations, and regulatory practices and issues. CIM Journal is the mining, metallurgy, and materials industries technical publication of choice. Original papers in English and French are welcome. Our audience and authors are international in scope. All submitted manuscripts are subject to initial evaluation by the editor from the relevant society and, if found suitable for further consideration, to double-anonymized peer review by independent, anonymous expert reviewers. Submissions are made online via ScholarOne Manuscripts. Publication office: Taylor & Francis, Inc., 530 Walnut Street, Suite 850, Philadelphia, PA 19106.